This must be clearly marked, for example with an ellipsis (three dots) in square brackets or normal parentheses (Р В Р вЂ Р В РІР‚С™Р вЂ™Р’В¦). If you have a longer citation with irrelevant passages, it may be appropriate to completely remove parts of the citation.

The main principle when making changes is that all additions or omissions should be emphasised. Examples of such changes might be removing parts that are unnecessary for your argument or adding words to help the reader understand the context of the quote. Just as with paraphrasing, sometimes it might be necessary to make smaller changes to a quotation. The academic genre is characterized by discussion, and all students with the human sciences must learn to use it according to FР В РІР‚СљР РЋРІР‚Вrland (1996, p. 11) points out that students within the human sciences must learn to write in an academic genre. Excerpts consisting of less than 40 words (or three lines) are typed directly into your text and indicated by quotation marks (Р В Р вЂ Р В РІР‚С™Р РЋРЎв„ўР В Р вЂ Р В РІР‚С™Р вЂ™Р’В¦Р В Р вЂ Р В РІР‚С™Р РЋРЎС™).Р В РІР‚СњР В РІР‚РЋР В РІР‚СљР РЋРІР‚Вrland (1996, p. In a proper/direct quotation you reproduce exactly (word for word, including emphasis etc.) what another author has written. The examples below are based on the referencing style APA 7th edition. When you use an excerpt from a text in your own text, it is called a quotation. Used for sources without a given publication dateР В РІР‚СњР вЂ™Р’В«elow you will find some examples of direct and indirect citations using the APA style. Used when approximating a date, for example c.1978 Remember that all abbreviations should have a period/full stop after them. Below is a list of some of the most common abbreviations. There are some standard abbreviations that are used when citing sources. There are for example standard abbreviatons that are commonly used in citations. Academic publications have formal rules for citation and referencing that vary between different fields, journals, etc.

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